Treatise on Leases  
Covering Ind AS, AS, IFRS and US GAAP
Published by Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt. Ltd
Publication Date:  Available in all formats
ISBN: 9789356403086
Pages: 434

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The book “Treatise on Leases” has been written very scrupulously to serve as a one stop shop for accounting guidance on leases across the globe. The standard on leases has been revamped, bringing about tremendous changes in the accounting for lessees, while the accounting for lessors remains largely unchanged. With the alignment of IFRS and US GAAP on this standard and consequential introduction of Ind AS, users could feel an emergent need for a comprehensive guide to refer to for lease transactions. This book is an endeavor to cater to the need of users across the globe.

Highlights

    Comprehensive commentary on Ind AS 116 explained with practical examples and case studies (updated with the Companies (Ind AS) Amendment Rules, 2022).
    Comprehensive commentary on AS 19 explained with practical examples and case studies.
    In depth analysis of a sample lease agreement on the basis of Ind AS 116.
    Summary flowcharts on Ind AS 116/IFRS 16.
    Objective type questions on Ind AS/IFRS and AS.
    Detailed comparison of various GAAPs: Ind AS, AS, IFRS, US GAAP and ICDS.
    Disclosure checklist for Ind AS, IFRS and AS.
    Detailed leases disclosures extracted from financials of Indian and global listed companies w.r.t various GAAPs.

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The book “Treatise on Leases” has been written very scrupulously to serve as a one stop shop for accounting guidance on leases across the globe. The standard on leases has been revamped, bringing about tremendous changes in the accounting for lessees, while the accounting for lessors remains largely unchanged. With the alignment of IFRS and US GAAP on this standard and consequential introduction of Ind AS, users could feel an emergent need for a comprehensive guide to refer to for lease transactions. This book is an endeavor to cater to the need of users across the globe.

Highlights

    Comprehensive commentary on Ind AS 116 explained with practical examples and case studies (updated with the Companies (Ind AS) Amendment Rules, 2022).
    Comprehensive commentary on AS 19 explained with practical examples and case studies.
    In depth analysis of a sample lease agreement on the basis of Ind AS 116.
    Summary flowcharts on Ind AS 116/IFRS 16.
    Objective type questions on Ind AS/IFRS and AS.
    Detailed comparison of various GAAPs: Ind AS, AS, IFRS, US GAAP and ICDS.
    Disclosure checklist for Ind AS, IFRS and AS.
    Detailed leases disclosures extracted from financials of Indian and global listed companies w.r.t various GAAPs.

Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Dedication
  • Praise for the book
  • Acknowledgements
  • Foreword to the first edition
  • About the Authors
  • Preface
  • Contents at a glance
  • Detailed contents
  • Division I Ind AS 116, Leases
    • Chapter 1 Objective, Scope and Definitions
      • 1.1 Objective
      • 1.2 Scope
      • 1.3 Important Definitions
    • Chapter 2 Lease Contracts
      • 2.1 Identifying a lease
      • 2.2 Identified asset
      • 2.3 Right to control
        • 2.3.1 Right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the identified asset
        • 2.3.2 Right to direct the use
        • 2.3.3 Protective rights
      • 2.4 Separating components of a contract
      • 2.5 Contract combinations (Portfolio of leases)
    • Chapter 3 Lease Term
      • 3.1 Determination of lease term
      • 3.2 Revision of lease term
      • 3.3 Right to terminate the lease
    • Chapter 4 Lessee Accounting
      • 4.1 Recognition
      • 4.2 Optional recognition exemptions
        • 4.2.1 Short term lease
        • 4.2.2 Leases for which the underlying asset is of low value
      • 4.3 Initial measurement
      • 4.4 Subsequent measurement
      • 4.5 Reassessment of the lease liability
      • 4.6 Lease modification
      • 4.7 Accounting of interest-free security deposit
      • 4.8 Leases denominated in foreign currency
      • 4.9 Presentation for lessee
      • 4.10 Disclosures for lessee
    • Chapter 5 Lessor Accounting
      • 5.1 Classification of leases
      • 5.2 Important definitions
      • 5.3 Finance leases
        • 5.3.1 Initial recognition and measurement
        • 5.3.2 Subsequent measurement
        • 5.3.3 Lease modifications
      • 5.4 Operating leases
        • 5.4.1 Recognition and measurement
        • 5.4.2 Lease modifications
        • 5.4.3 Presentation
        • 5.4.4 Disclosure
    • Chapter 6 Sale and Leaseback Transactions
      • 6.1 Transfer of the asset is a sale
      • 6.2 Transfer of the asset is not a sale
      • 6.3 Amendment by IASB
    • Chapter 7 Sublease
      • 7.1 Classification of sublease
      • 7.2 Discount rate in sublease
    • Chapter 8 Rent concession related to Covid-19 pandemic
      • 8.1 Practical expedient
      • 8.2 Effective date
      • 8.3 Disclosures
    • Chapter 9 Leases in Business Combinations
      • 9.1 Leases in which the acquiree is the lessee
      • 9.2 Leases in which acquiree is the lessor
    • Chapter 10 Transition
      • 10.1 Ind AS 101: Transition for first time adopters
        • 10.1.1 Deemed cost
        • 10.1.2 Leases
      • 10.2 Ind AS 116: Transition from Ind AS 17 to Ind AS 116
        • 10.2.1 Definition of a lease
        • 10.2.2 Lessee transition
        • 10.2.3 Lessor transition
        • 10.2.4 Sublease transition
        • 10.2.5 Sale and leaseback transactions before the date of initial application
        • 10.2.6 Amounts previously recognized in respect of business combinations
    • Chapter 11 Tax implication on Ind AS 116
      • 11.1 Normal provisions
      • 11.2 Implications under MAT
    • Chapter 12 Analysis of a sample lease agreement
  • Division II AS 19, Leases
    • Chapter 13 Objective, Scope and Definitions
      • 13.1 Objective
      • 13.2 Scope
      • 13.3 Important definitions
    • Chapter 14 Classification of leases
      • 14.1 Basis of classification
      • 14.2 Reassessment of lease classification
    • Chapter 15 Lessee Accounting
      • 15.1 Finance leases
        • 15.1.1 Initial measurement
        • 15.1.2 Subsequent measurement
        • 15.1.3 Disclosure
      • 15.2 Operating leases
        • 15.2.1 Recognition
        • 15.2.2 Disclosure
    • Chapter 16 Lessor Accounting
      • 16.1 Finance lease
        • 16.1.1 Manufacturer or dealer lessor
        • 16.1.2 Disclosure
      • 16.2 Operating leases
        • 16.2.1 Disclosure
    • Chapter 17 Sale and Leaseback Transactions
      • 17.1 If a sale and leaseback transaction results in a finance lease
      • 17.2 If a sale and leaseback transaction results in an operating lease
      • 17.3 Disclosure
  • Division III Multiple Choice Questions
    • Chapter 18 MCQs based on Ind AS 116/IFRS 16, Leases
    • Chapter 19 MCQs based on AS 19, Leases
  • Division IV Overview and Comparison of various GAAPS
    • Chapter 20
      • 20.1 Overview
      • 20.2 Which accounting standard is applicable for leases?
      • 20.3 What is the applicability of Ind AS 116 and AS 19 in India?
        • 20.3.1 Applicability of Ind AS 116
        • 20.3.2 Applicability of AS 19
      • 20.4 What has changed principally?
      • 20.5 Why the need to Change Existing Accounting?
    • Chapter 21
      • 21.1 Ind AS 116 (New) versus AS 19 versus IFRS 16 (New)
      • 21.2 US GAAP ASC 842 (New) versus IFRS 16 (New)
      • 21.3 Ind AS 116 (new) versus AS 19 versus ICDS
    • Chapter 22
      • 22.1 IFRS and Ind AS: IAS 17/Ind AS 17 (Old) versus IFRS 16/Ind AS 116 (New)
      • 22.2 US GAAP: ASC 840 (Old) versus ASC 842 (New)
      • 22.3 Ind AS 17 (Old) versus IAS 17 (Old)
  • Division V Disclosure Checklists
    • Chapter 23 Disclosure checklist on Ind AS 116, Leases
    • Chapter 24 Disclosure checklist on IFRS 16, Leases
    • Chapter 25 Disclosure checklist on AS 19, Leases
  • Division VI Leases Disclosures in Published Financials
    • Chapter 26 Published disclosures based on Ind AS 116
      • 26.1 Aditya Birla Fashion and Retail Limited
      • 26.2 InterGlobe Aviation Limited (IndiGo)
      • 26.3 Infosys Limited
      • 26.4 Bharti Airtel Limited
      • 26.5 Tata Motors Limited
      • 26.6 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
      • 26.7 Bajaj Finserv Limited
      • 26.8 Hindalco Industries Limited
      • 26.9 Hindustan Unilever Limited
    • Chapter 27 Published disclosures based on AS 19
      • 27.1 HDFC Bank Limited
    • Chapter 28 Published disclosures based on IFRS 16
      • 28.1 LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton
      • 28.2 SAP SE
      • 28.3 Vodafone Group Plc
    • Chapter 29 Published disclosures based on US GAAP ASC 842
      • 29.1 Alphabet Inc. (Google)
      • 29.2 Tesla Inc.
    • Chapter 30 Deficiencies observed in compliance of AS 19
      • 29.1 Background
      • 29.2 FRRB Observations
      • 29.3 Non-Compliances to AS 19
    • Chapter 31 Summary of Ind AS 116/IFRS 16
      • 31.1 Identifying a Lease
      • 31.2 Understanding of Terms
      • 31.3 Accounting in the books of lessee
      • 31.4 Accounting in the books of lessor
  • Division VII Appendices
    • Appendix 1 Ind AS 116, Leases
      • Appendix A Defined terms
      • Appendix B Application guidance
      • Appendix C Effective date and transition
      • Appendix 1
    • Appendix 2 Accounting Standard (AS) 19
  • eCopyright
Biographical note

CA (Dr.) Alok K. Garg

Dr. Garg, a seasoned professional, is a Member of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) for more than a decade. He has been awarded with Honorary Doctorate by American East Coast University, New York, USA for his outstanding contribution in the field of finance by teaming up his Industry experience in the academic contribution on regular basis. He is currently working as a General Manager- Finance and heading Financial Reporting, Consolidation and Fixed Assets function of one of the largest listed Telecom Infrastructure Company. Having completed his graduation in B.Com (Hons.) from University of Delhi in 2004, he also qualified the Company Secretary from Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) in the year 2008. He is a Diploma holder in IFRS from ACCA, United Kingdom, Certified Ind AS and Certified BRSR from ICAI.

He is having a thorough experience in the field of Financial Reporting, Consolidation, Internal Controls, Fixed Assets and Auditing for more than 15 years and associated with Indus Towers (formerly Bharti Infratel), HSBC, IL&FS and consulting firms during his professional stint.

Mr. Garg is a prolific speaker, has delivered more than 800 lectures on IFRS, Ind AS, Accounting Standards, Schedule III, CARO and Auditing Standards across the country and outside at diverse platforms organized by various professional Institutes, Universities, and various committees, branches and study circles of ICAI. Few of his accolades during his professional stint are as follows:

    Awarded with “National Education Leadership Award” by Ramanujan College, University of Delhi.
    Authored “Treatise on Schedule III (A guide for preparation of Financial Statements)” published by Bharat Law House in 2022.
    Authored “Treatise on Ind AS (Explained with Practical Examples and MCQs)” (Two Editions) published by Bloomsbury India in 2020 & 2021.
    Co-Authored a comprehensive book on Leases “Treatise on Leases (Covering Ind AS, IGAAP, IFRS and US GAAP)”(Two Editions) published by Bloomsbury India.
    Co-Authored a comprehensive book on Ind AS “An Insights in to Indian Accounting Standards” with CA Amarjit Chopra and CA (Dr.) Sanjeev Singhal published by Wolters Kluwer
    Member of Financial Reporting Review Group of ICAI for FY 2022-23.
    Special invitee to Accounting Standard Board (ASB) of ICAI for FY 2019- 20 and 2020-21.
    Awarded as Subject Matter Expert in the field of Financial Reporting during his career.
    Delivered various seminars/ workshops organized by NIFM, Ministry of Finance and DPE, Ministry of Heavy Industries and iCISA, CAG of India.
    One of the best rated faculty for the Certificate course on Ind AS organized by ICAI.
    Best rated faculty for Diploma in Ind AS organized by Ramanujan College, University of Delhi.

CA Alok Garg is actively involved in professional contribution to the society in terms of imparting knowledge to fellow members and students at ICAI, ICSI and Various Universities and outside through his knowledge series & various articles published at various channels of print as well as social media. Few of his notable achievements, associations and deliberations are as follows:

    Special Invitee for Board of Studies (BoS) of ICAI for various initiatives
    Contributed as a core member of study group in finalization of Educational Material on Ind AS 20
    Delivered video lectures/webinars on Ind AS organized by CPE Committee of ICAI, ASB and Ind AS Committee of ICAI for the benefit of members.
    Penned number of articles on IFRS, Ind AS and Accounting Standards published in the various publications of ICAI.

He has a keen interest in travelling, listening to music and is very passionate about disseminating knowledge in the form of lecture delivery, authoring books and sharing his articles in leading publication. He is instrumental in giving back to the society and is very actively involved in mentorship of young professionals and students.

CA Chandni Gupta

She is an Associate Member of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), having completed her graduation in B.Com (Hons.) from University of Delhi, she is currently working as a Manager Manager-Finance of a multi-national FMCG company. She is also Certified Ind AS and Certified BRSR from ICAI.

Ms. Gupta has always been a top ranker in academia right from high school to CA examinations. She had secured all India ranks in CA Final and CA IPCC.

She is having experience in Statutory Audit, IFCoFR, Tax audit of various listed and unlisted entities, Ind AS implementation on listed companies and preparation of financial statements in compliance with Ind AS, IFRS and AS of various entities. She is also having vast experience of business finance and financial planning and analysis.

She has a passion towards disseminating knowledge on her core subject “Financial Reporting” in the form of lecture delivery, writing books, posting articles or making videos. Few of her initiatives and contributions are:

    Founded “IFRSworld”, A domain to share knowledge on IFRS and Ind AS through YouTube channel and Blog. The videos on YouTube are created in an innovative way to make most complicated standards easier for users to understand.
    Contributed in the literature of “Treatise on Ind AS (Explained with practical examples and MCQs)(Two Editions) authored by CA (Dr.) Alok K Garg and published by Bloomsbury India.
    Co-Authored two editions of “Treatise on Leases (Covering Ind AS, IGAAP, IFRS and US GAAP)” published by Bloomsbury India.
    Delivered more than 150 lectures on IFRS, Ind AS and AS on diverse platforms organized by various universities, branches and study circles of ICAI.

Apart from this, she enjoys gardening and cooking.

Excerpt

Third edition, 2023

First published in India 2021

© Authors

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The content of this book is the sole expression and opinion of its author, and not of the publisher. The publisher and author in no manner is liable for any opinion or views expressed by the author. While best efforts have been made in preparing this book, the publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind and assumes no liabilities of any kind with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the content and specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness of use for a particular purpose.

The publisher believes that the content of this book does not violate any existing copyright/intellectual property of others in any manner whatsoever. However, in case any source has not been duly attributed, the publisher may be notified in writing for necessary action.

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Dedicated to
Our Grandparents

Late Smt Vidya Devi Garg and Late Shri Lakshmi Chand Garg

&

Smt. Satyawati Gupta and Shri Jagdish Prasad Gupta

And
Our Parents

Smt. Krishna Devi Garg and Shri Jay Prakash Garg

&

Smt. Anjna Gupta and Shri Naresh Gupta

Dedicated to
Our Grandparents

Late Smt Vidya Devi Garg and Late Shri Lakshmi Chand Garg

&

Smt. Satyawati Gupta and Shri Jagdish Prasad Gupta

And
Our Parents

Smt. Krishna Devi Garg and Shri Jay Prakash Garg

&

Smt. Anjna Gupta and Shri Naresh Gupta

Praise for the book

With the introduction of new standard on leases, the accounting has become even more challenging. CA Alok Garg and CA Chandni Gupta have made an earnest effort to win-over the challenge by authoring this book. This work is distinguished by immense attention to comprehensive commentary on the standard with practical examples and case studies. It is a simple, straightforward guide to accounting professionals who intend to get intermediate to advanced learning on lease accounting. The writers reputed ingenuity, brilliance and experience borne out of this book. The authors have provided a masterful narration in a most lucid language to explain the complex concepts in greater detail and have chosen to present a holistic view by incorporating Indian as well as global aspects. The book also reassures the readers to test their knowledge and get a real life experience through the disclosures given by leading Indian and global companies. I hope that the young professionals who read it will find if very useful and will get deep insights of lease accounting. I appreciate the laudable efforts of Alok and Chandni and congratulate them for splendid work they have produced. My best wishes for the success of this book.

Prof. J.P. Singhal

National President, Akhil Bhartiya Rashtriya Shaikshik Mahasangh.

Former Vice-chancellor, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

Amongst corporates, the concept of leases is very common. Each rent agreement is required to be analysed for accounting and disclosures perspective. It involves a lot of assessment on the criteria defined in the standard. For such complex assessments, our fellow professionals required an expert guidance in lucid language. CA Alok Garg and CA Chandni Gupta, have catered to the need of accounting professionals across industries by authoring this book on leases. The authors have used simple language along with various case studies to provide a detailed analysis and thorough guidance. I appreciate their efforts in bringing out their best on paper. My best wishes for the success of this book and many more such efforts in future.

CA (Dr.) Sanjeev Singhal

Central Council Member, ICAI

In current era, more than 70% of the corporates across the globe are following IFRS in some or the other manner. Changes and improvements come naturally as the time passes and thus need arises for regular and continuous updation of standards. CA. Alok Garg and CA Chandni Gupta have written this book at a perfect time, when corporates, members and students need practical, crisp and appropriate guidance on how to demystify the new standard on leases. With the help of detailed analysis, practical case studies and MCQs, the authors have given a holistic view on accounting treatment for leases not only in Indian context but also in global context. The book serves a comprehensive comparison of AS, Ind AS, IFRS and even US GAAP. The best part is that authors have included vast practical disclosures made by companies across the globe in their published financial statements. My heartiest compliment for excellent work and best wishes for super success of this book and all future endeavours.

CA Pramod Jain

Central Council Member, ICAI

Alok is a meticulous analyst and an astute person on Accounting Standards / Ind AS. Alok has in depth knowledge of accounting provisions and always ready to help. His ability & humility to impart knowledge in the most lucid way through his sessions is what makes him stand out. His earlier books on Indian Accounting Standards and Treatise on Ind AS really helped the students and finance fraternity in understanding the concepts.

Many congratulations Alok and Chandni and best wishes for your book on Leases and many more successes in future

CA Munish Gupta

CFO, InterGlobe Hotels

The concept of leases is very common amongst corporates especially industries like aviation, retail, IT. Each lease agreement requires thorough analysis from accounting and disclosures perspective. It involves a lot of assessment on the criteria defined in the standard. For such complex assessments, our fellow professionals required an expert guidance in lucid language. CA Alok Garg and CA Chandni Gupta, have catered to the need of accounting professionals across industries by authoring this book on leases. The authors have used simple language along with various case studies to provide a detailed analysis, MCQs to test the knowledge, flowcharts to summarize the standard and published disclosures of Indian as well as foreign listed companies under various GAAPs. My best wishes for the success of this book and many more such efforts in future.

CA Atul Gupta

President ICAI (2020-21)

IFAC Board Member

All the Indian listed companies (other than Banking and Insurance sector) and a large number of unlisted companies (above threshold limit) have implemented Ind-AS since 2015. Changes in business and economic environment, together with experience of implementation, necessitate amendments in Standards; examples are amendments giving rent relief accounting due to Covid 19 and IBOR related transition guidance, Ind AS 116 was introduced to improve usefulness of financial information necessitating the accounting of Right to use asset and liability by lessees for all leases. CA. (Dr.) Alok Garg and CA Chandni Gupta have brought out the third edition of this wonderful book that addresses most of the issues related to Leases. With the help of apt interpretation and practical case studies in easy language, the authors have shared their own experience and vast understanding of this complex standard. In addition, the reference to Annual reports provides practical outlook to the professionals and MCQs make this book much more relevant for students and first-time implementers of Ind AS. My heartiest compliments for excellent work done and best wishes for extensive readership and multiple editions in future.

CA MP Vijay Kumar

CFO, Sify Technologies Ltd.

With the introduction of IFRS 16, the lease accounting, largely from the lessee perspective has been revamped. Parallelly the counterpart Indian standard i.e. Ind AS 116 was implemented for Indian Companies. Lease accounting is now considered as one of the most complex aspects of corporate accounting which involves critical analysis of each lease agreement. For such intricated analysis, our fellow professionals required a piece of expert knowledge and guidance in the most lucid and coherent language. Dr. Alok Garg and CA Chandni Gupta have come up with third edition of iconic book “Treatise on Leases” at an ideal time where corporates, members and students need appropriate, precise and crisp guidance about the practical application of Ind AS 116. One of the most value-adding things in this book is “Published disclosures of Indian as well as global corporations based on Ind AS 116, AS 19, IFRS 16 as well as US GAAP” thus extending its utility to global readers.

Many instances have been noted for non-compliance of accounting standards by the Financial Reporting Review Board (FRRB) which have also been covered in this book describing the inappropriate accounting of leases thereby preventing the errors that may be committed by readers while accounting for leases. Heartiest compliments to Dr. Garg and Chandni for their commendable work. Wish you the best for your future treatises on leases and many more topics.

Nandini Agarwal

National Record Holder, AIR 1 (CA Final), AIR 31 (CA Inter)

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