Surrogacy  
Law, Practice And Policy in India
Author(s): Rekha Pahuja
Published by Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt. Ltd
Publication Date:  Available in all formats
ISBN: 9789354354076
Pages: 286

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This book is an effort to present the knotty concept of surrogacy and its various forms. The book focuses on legal and judicial approach towards surrogacy in various countries. The 228th Report of Law Commission of India, ART Regulation Bill, 2010, Visa Regulations, ART Regulation Bill, 2014 and the Surrogacy Regulation Bill, 2019, legal nature of surrogacy under Constitution and Indian Contract Act, 1872, Medical Visa Regulations have also been duly analyzed.

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This book is an effort to present the knotty concept of surrogacy and its various forms. The book focuses on legal and judicial approach towards surrogacy in various countries. The 228th Report of Law Commission of India, ART Regulation Bill, 2010, Visa Regulations, ART Regulation Bill, 2014 and the Surrogacy Regulation Bill, 2019, legal nature of surrogacy under Constitution and Indian Contract Act, 1872, Medical Visa Regulations have also been duly analyzed.

Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • About the Author
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Contents at a glance
  • Detailed contents
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
    • 1.1 Historical background
    • 1.2 Meaning of the term surrogacy
    • 1.3 When surrogacy arrangement is resorted to
    • 1.4 Categories of surrogacy
      • 1.4.1 Traditional surrogacy
      • 1.4.2 Gestational surrogacy
      • 1.4.3 In vitro fertilization
      • 1.4.4 Artificial insemination
      • 1.4.5 Altruistic surrogacy
      • 1.4.6 Commercial surrogacy
    • 1.5 Human rights Jurisprudence and surrogacy
    • 1.6 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Perspective
      • 1.6.1 Views of Indian Judiciary
    • 1.7 Human Right and Health
    • 1.8 Global Trends
      • 1.8.1 United Kingdom
      • 1.8.2 United States of America
      • 1.8.3 Australia
      • 1.8.4 Japan
      • 1.8.5 Germany
      • 1.8.6 Ukraine
      • 1.8.7 France
      • 1.8.8 New Zealand
    • 1.9 Indian scenario on surrogacy
    • 1.10 Some other aspects of surrogacy
    • 1.11 Moral and ethical considerations
    • 1.12 Commercialization of surrogacy in India
    • 1.13 The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019
  • Chapter 2 Human right jurisprudence of surrogacy
    • 2.1 Meaning of ‘human rights’
    • 2.2 Origin of human rights
    • 2.3 Human right of reproduction and infertile couple
      • 2.3.1 Meaning of reproductive rights
      • 2.3.2 Right of women to conceive:
    • 2.4 Human right to health and the surrogate mother
    • 2.5 Human rights of child and the surrogate child
      • 2.5.1 Violation of dignity of surrogate child
      • 2.5.2 Right of child to breast feed
      • 2.5.3 Right to get natural love and affection
      • 2.5.4 Refusal to accept the child due to abnormality
      • 2.5.5 Death or divorce between commissioning couple or termination of surrogacy contract
      • 2.5.6 Psychological threatening to child
      • 2.5.7 Citizenship Issue
      • 2.5.8 Adverse effect on sense of identity and positive self-esteem
    • 2.6 Human right to work and assisted Reproductive Technology Clinics under The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019
  • Chapter 3 International perspective towards surrogacy
    • 3.1 United Kingdom
      • 3.1.1 Regulation of surrogacy
      • 3.1.2 Non enforceability
        • 3.1.2.1 Meaning of “surrogate mother”, “surrogacy arrangement” and other terms. (Section-1)
        • 3.1.2.2 Section 2, Surrogacy Arrangements Act, 1985
        • 3.1.2.3 Section 3, Surrogacy Arrangements Act, 1985
      • 3.1.3 Status
      • 3.1.4 Relating to maternity
      • 3.1.5 Section 27(1), Human Fertilization and Embryology Act, 1990
      • 3.1.6 Relating to paternity
      • 3.1.7 Transferring legal parenthood
      • 3.1.8 Adoption
        • 3.1.8.1 In Re Mw (Adoption Surrogacy)
        • 3.1.8.2 Informal transfers
      • 3.1.9 The British cases
        • 3.1.9.1 A v C
        • 3.1.9.2 In Re C (a minor)
        • 3.1.9.3 In Re P (minors) (Wardship Surrogacy)
        • 3.1.9.4 In Re w (minors) (surrogacy)
    • 3.2 United States of America
      • 3.2.1 Brief Historical Background
      • 3.2.2 Baby M case
      • 3.2.3 Statutory approach
        • 3.2.3.1 In Soos v Superior Court Country of Maricopa, (1994)
        • 3.2.3.2 In Re Baby M
        • 3.2.3.3 In Johnson v Calvert
        • 3.2.3.4 In John Doe v Attorney General and another
    • 3.3 Australia
      • 3.3.1 Queensland
      • 3.3.2 New South Wales
      • 3.3.3 Victoria
      • 3.3.4 Australian Capital Territory
        • 3.3.4.1 South Australia
        • 3.3.4.2 Tasmania
        • 3.3.4.3 Western Australia
        • 3.3.4.4 Northern Territory
      • 3.3.5 Judicial Approach
        • 3.3.5.1 In Re Evelyn
        • 3.3.5.2 In Re Mark (an application was made relating to parental responsibilities)
        • 3.3.5.3 In Re X and Y (foreign surrogacy)
        • 3.3.5.4 In Dudley and Chedi
        • 3.3.5.5 In M. and L. Kirkman, My Sister’s child
    • 3.4 Japan
      • 3.4.1 Infertility and international surrogacy case in Japan
        • 3.4.1.1 Office of the Mayor of Shinagawa v Takada and Mukai (popularly known as Aki Mukai’s case)
        • 3.4.1.2 Baby Manji’s Case
    • 3.5 Germany
      • 3.5.1 Historical background
      • 3.5.2 Some provisions under the Embryo Protection Act, 1991
    • 3.6 Ukraine
      • 3.6.1 Article 123 of the Family Code
      • 3.6.2 The legal landscape of surrogacy in Ukraine
      • 3.6.3 The case of stateless baby
    • 3.7 France
    • 3.8 New Zealand
      • 3.8.1 International surrogacy in New Zealand
      • 3.8.2 Stringent legal framework
  • Chapter 4 Indian scene on surrogacy
    • 4.1 Legislative frame work in India
      • 4.1.1 Law Commission of India (Report No. 228): Need for legalization to regulate Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinics as well as Rights and Obligations of Parties to surrogacy
      • 4.1.2 The Assisted Reproductive Technologies (Regulation) Bill, 2010
        • 4.1.2.1 It legalizes womb renting
        • 4.1.2.2 Legal right to individuals, gays, lesbian etc. to have surrogate baby
        • 4.1.2.3 Allows five successful live births
        • 4.1.2.4 Determination of status of child
        • 4.1.2.5 Legalizes commercial Surrogacy arrangements (Section 34)
        • 4.1.2.6 Assurance etc. from foreign couples or individuals
        • 4.1.2.7 Allows advertisement for gamete donor etc. (Section 26)
        • 4.1.2.8 Records to be maintained by the ART Bank (Section 28)
      • 4.1.3 New Indian Visa Regulations dated 9 July, 2012 for commissioning parent(s) extracted from third party correspondence with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India effective 15 November, 2012
        • 4.1.3.1 Visa for foreign nationals intending to visit India for commissioning surrogacy
      • 4.1.4 Following is the gist of the New General Indian Visa Regulations dated 9 July, 2012 for commissioning parent(s), issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, effective from 15 November, 2012
      • 4.1.5 For surrogacy arrangements commissioned prior to July 2012 and for surrogacy arrangements already commissioned in which children are due to be born in 2013: A case to case basis examination (Issues arising out of foreign surrogate arrangements)
      • 4.1.6 The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019
        • 4.1.6.1 Statement of objects and reasons
        • 4.1.6.2 Main features of the Bill
        • 4.1.6.3 Process for commissioning a surrogacy
        • 4.1.6.4 Offences and penalties for commercial surrogacy
        • 4.1.6.5 Analysis of the provisions of the Bill
    • 4.2 Surrogacy and Judicial response in India
      • 4.2.1 Baby Manji Yamada v Union of India and Others
      • 4.2.2 Jan Balaz v Anand Municipality
      • 4.2.3 K. Kalaiselvi v Chennai Port Trust on 4 March, 2013
      • 4.2.4 P. Geetha v The Kerala Livestock Development, 2014
      • 4.2.5 Rama Pandey v Union of India & Ors., (2015)
      • 4.2.6 Varsha Laxman Deshpande v The Municipal Commissioner, (2014)
      • 4.2.7 Smt. Sadhna Agrawal v State Of Chhattisgarh, (2017)
      • 4.2.8 Sunita v M/O Law and Justice and Company, (2018)
    • 4.3 Other Non-judicial Cases of surrogacy in India
      • 4.3.1 An Israeli gay couple case
      • 4.3.2 Amir khan and Kiran Rao’s surrogate baby
    • 4.4 Validity of guardianship proceedings
      • 4.4.1 Section 7: Power of the Court to make order as to guardianship
      • 4.4.2 Section 8: Persons entitled to apply for order
      • 4.4.3 Section 9: Court having jurisdiction to entertain application
      • 4.4.4 Section 10: Form of application
      • 4.4.5 Section 11: Procedure on admission of application
      • 4.4.6 Section 13: Hearing of evidence before making of order
      • 4.4.7 Section 17: Matters to be considered by the Court in appointing guardian
      • 4.4.8 Section 26: Removal of ward from jurisdiction
    • 4.5 Arrangements relating to the registration of births regarding children born out of surrogacy arrangements in India
    • 4.6 Position in terms of the nationality of children born out of surrogacy arrangements in India
      • 4.6.1 Section 3: Citizenship by birth
      • 4.6.2 Section 4: Citizenship by descent
      • 4.6.3 Section 5: Citizenship by registration
      • 4.6.4 Section 6: Citizenship by naturalization
    • 4.7 Reactions and responses of foreign governments
  • Chapter 5 Commercialization of surrogacy and stark realities
    • 5.1 Advent of commercial surrogacy in India
    • 5.2 Arguments in favor of surrogacy
    • 5.3 Arguments against surrogacy
    • 5.4 Adoption, percentage and surrogacy – A maze or a dilemma
    • 5.5 Surrogacy v Legal, ethical, moral and social issues
    • 5.6 Surrogacy and Indian culture
    • 5.7 Surrogacy as exploitation: Making commodities of babies and mothers
    • 5.8 Commercial surrogacy and Article 23 of the Constitution of India and section 23 of Indian Contract Act, 1872
    • 5.9 Commercialized package cost of surrogacy arrangements in India
      • 5.9.1 The surrogacy super mart
      • 5.9.2 Surrogate charges: Rs. 1,00,000-3,50,000
      • 5.9.3 IVF procedure costs: Rs. 66,000
      • 5.9.4 Egg donor (Indian): Rs. 1, 80,000 extra
      • 5.9.5 Egg donor (Blonde, Blue-Eyed)
      • 5.9.6 Surrogate compensation Rs. 2,000-3,000 for food
      • 5.9.7 Other add-ons: Spa packages, Agra tours, airport pick-up, drop
    • 5.10 New Indian Medical Visa Regulation will cap surrogacy
    • 5.11 Medical Visa Regulations will harmonize with existing Indian and foreign law of countries of Ccommissioning parents
    • 5.12 Maintaining rule of law through legalizing altruistic surrogacy arrangements
  • Annexure I 228th Report of Law Commission of India [Need for Legislation to Regulate Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinics as Well as Rights and Obligations of Parties to a Surrogacy]
    • I. Introduction
    • II. The Draft Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill and Rules, 2008
    • III. Seminar on ‘Surrogacy – Bane or Boon’
    • IV. Conclusion and Recommendation
  • Annexure II Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill, 2010
    • Preamble
    • Statement of Objects and Reasons
    • Chapter - I Preliminary
    • Chapter - II Constitution of Authorities to Regulate Assisted Reproductive Technology
    • Chapter - III Procedures for Registrations and Complaints
    • Chapter - IV Duties of an Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic
    • Chapter - V Sourcing, Storage, Handling and Record Keeping for Gametes, Embryos And Surrogates
    • Chapter - VI Regulation of Research on Embryos
    • Chapter - VII Rights and Duties of Patients, Donors, Surrogates and Children
    • Chapter - VIII Offences and Penalties
    • Chapter - IX Miscellaneous
  • Annexure III The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2014
  • Annexure IV The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2018
  • Annexure V The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019
Biographical note

Dr. Rekha Pahuja hails from the Jalgaon city. She completed her LL.M. from Pune University with flying colours in the year 2005. She did specialization in Corporate law and law of Contract. She secured Ph.D on the topic of – “A Socio Legal Study on Surrogacy in India” from Kavayitri Bahinbai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon. She received UGC funded Minor Research project in April, 2017. She is an editor of International Journal of Innovative and Informative Multi- Disciplinary Research, Associate Editor of GAP Interdisciplinarities (A Global journal of Interdisciplinary Studies) and Life member of Grand Academic Portal. She has over 30 publications to her credit in various national and international journals and also presented papers at various seminars conference both at national and international level. She is recognized as a Research Guide at Kavayitri Bahinbai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon. She has guided as many as 18 students in LL.M. dissertation work. She has over 11 years of teaching experience at UG level and 7 years at PG level.

Excerpt

First published in India 2021

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About the Author

Dr. Rekha Pahuja hails from the Jalgaon city. She completed her LL.M. from Pune University with flying colours in the year 2005. She did specialization in Corporate law and law of Contract. She secured Ph.D on the topic of – “A Socio Legal Study on Surrogacy in India” from Kavayitri Bahinbai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon. She received UGC funded Minor Research project in April, 2017. She is an editor of International Journal of Innovative and Informative Multi-Disciplinary Research, Associate Editor of GAP Interdisciplinarities (A Global journal of Interdisciplinary Studies) and Life member of Grand Academic Portal. She has over 30 publications to her credit in various national and international journals and also presented papers at various seminars conference both at national and international level. She is recognized as a Research Guide at Kavayitri Bahinbai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon. She has guided as many as 18 students in LL.M. dissertation work. She has over 11 years of teaching experience at UG level and 7 years at PG level.

Foreword

Preface

This book is an effort to present the knotty concept of surrogacy and its various forms. There are various reasons why surrogacy is resorted to. All the parties involved in surrogacy arrangement possess different Human Rights. Therefore, balancing of various conflicting and competing human rights of all the parties is duly considered. The book also focuses on legal and judicial approach towards surrogacy in various countries. The dearth of special legislation on surrogacy in India, 228th Report of Law Commission of India, ART Regulation Bill, 2010, Visa Regulations, ART Regulation Bill, 2014 and the Surrogacy Regulation Bill, 2019 are also discussed and appended.

The present Bill that is the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019 was introduced in Lok Sabha on 15th July, 2019 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The Bill aims to ban commercial surrogacy and only allows it among close relatives. The proposed law allows surrogacy for couples that cannot have children. Health Minister JP Nadda said the aim of the bill was to stop commercial surrogacy but at the same time save families by allowing them to have children by using modern science. Thus, the main aim the aim is putting an end to the exploitation of poor women who agree to become surrogate mothers for money. It allows ethical surrogacy to the married infertile couples.

Besides, the stark realties of commercialization of surrogacy in India, its social acceptance, adoption and parentage rules, legal ethical moral issues arising out of surrogacy in India, legal nature of surrogacy under Constitution and Indian Contract Act, 1872, Medical Visa Regulations are duly analyzed.

It is an honest attempt to compile all the materials whatever may be available to clear the legal, judicial and social picture of surrogacy in India so that it may be helpful to the readers to understand it its proper perspective.

I must be thankful to the great authors and publishers of those references of Bibliography. Suggestions from the readers for improvement are welcome and will be gratefully acknowledged.

Jalgaon

Dr. Rekha Pahuja

January, 2021

Contents at a glance

About the Author

Foreword

Preface

Detailed contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Human right jurisprudence of surrogacy

Chapter 3 International perspective towards surrogacy

Chapter 4 Indian scene on surrogacy

Chapter 5 Commercialization of surrogacy and stark realities

ANNEXURES

Annexure I 228th Report of Law Commission of India [Need for Legislation to Regulate Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinics as Well as Rights and Obligations of Parties to a Surrogacy]

Annexure II Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill, 2010

Annexure III The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2014

Annexure IV The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2018

Annexure V The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019

Detailed contents

About the Author

Foreword

Preface

Contents at a glance

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Historical background

1.2 Meaning of the term surrogacy

1.3 When surrogacy arrangement is resorted to

1.4 Categories of surrogacy

1.4.1 Traditional surrogacy

1.4.2 Gestational surrogacy

1.4.3 In vitro fertilization

1.4.4 Artificial insemination

1.4.5 Altruistic surrogacy

1.4.6 Commercial surrogacy

1.5 Human rights Jurisprudence and surrogacy

1.6 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Perspective

1.6.1 Views of Indian Judiciary

1.7 Human Right and Health

1.8 Global Trends

1.8.1 United Kingdom

1.8.2 United States of America

1.8.3 Australia

1.8.4 Japan

1.8.5 Germany

1.8.6 Ukraine

1.8.7 France

1.8.8 New Zealand

1.9 Indian scenario on surrogacy

1.10 Some other aspects of surrogacy

1.11 Moral and ethical considerations

1.12 Commercialization of surrogacy in India

1.13 The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019

Chapter 2 Human right jurisprudence of surrogacy

2.1 Meaning of ‘human rights’

2.2 Origin of human rights

2.3 Human right of reproduction and infertile couple

2.3.1 Meaning of reproductive rights

2.3.2 Right of women to conceive:

2.4 Human right to health and the surrogate mother

2.5 Human rights of child and the surrogate child

2.5.1 Violation of dignity of surrogate child

2.5.2 Right of child to breast feed

2.5.3 Right to get natural love and affection

2.5.4 Refusal to accept the child due to abnormality

2.5.5 Death or divorce between commissioning couple or termination of surrogacy contract

2.5.6 Psychological threatening to child

2.5.7 Citizenship Issue

2.5.8 Adverse effect on sense of identity and positive self-esteem

2.6 Human right to work and assisted Reproductive Technology Clinics under The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019

Chapter 3 International perspective towards surrogacy

3.1 United Kingdom

3.1.1 Regulation of surrogacy

3.1.2 Non enforceability

3.1.2.1 Meaning of “surrogate mother”, “surrogacy arrangement” and other terms. (Section-1)

3.1.2.2 Section 2, Surrogacy Arrangements Act, 1985

3.1.2.3 Section 3, Surrogacy Arrangements Act, 1985

3.1.3 Status

3.1.4 Relating to maternity

3.1.5 Section 27(1), Human Fertilization and Embryology Act, 1990

3.1.6 Relating to paternity

3.1.7 Transferring legal parenthood

3.1.8 Adoption

3.1.8.1 In Re Mw (Adoption Surrogacy)

3.1.8.2 Informal transfers

3.1.9 The British cases

3.1.9.1 A v C

3.1.9.2 In Re C (a minor)

3.1.9.3 In Re P (minors) (Wardship Surrogacy)

3.1.9.4 In Re w (minors) (surrogacy)

3.2 United States of America

3.2.1 Brief Historical Background

3.2.2 Baby M case

3.2.3 Statutory approach

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